What is menstruation?
Menstruation is a cyclic physiological uterine bleeding due to shedding of the lining of endometrium.
Menstrual cycle is a part of reproductive system and it prepares the body for possible pregnancy.
It is also known as menses, menstrual periods, periods.
What is normal menstrual cycle?
Menstruation starts between the age of 11-15 years with an average 13 years.
First menstruation is called menarche.
Normal menstrual cycle is of 28 days.
But can vary from 21-35 days .
Menstrual cycle is considered to begin on the first day of period .
Steps of menstrual cycle are controlled by some hormones secreted by hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis.
The sequence of events occurring in normal cycle is described as
1.Follicular or proliferative phase.
This phase lasts from day one of menses to day 14th. From day 1-5 actual shedding of endometrium occurs and comes out through vagina if pregnancy not occurs.
Most of the womens bleed for 3-5 days, but period lasting 2 days to as many as 7 days is considered to be normal.
from day 6 to day 14 estrogen hormone rises and causes the endometrium of uterus to grow and become thik.
Another hormone Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from pituitary gland stimulates the follicles of ovary to grow.
In this phase between 10-14 days one of follicle becomes fully mature ovum.
Ovulation
Ovulation occurs at 14th day of 28 day cycle. A sudden increase in luteinizing hormone causes ovary to release egg this process is called ovulation.
2.Luteal phase or secretory phase
This phase lasts from day 15 to day 28.
After the release of ovum from ovary ovum travels through fallopian tube of uterus .
At this time progesterone hormone level rises and helps the uterine lining to grow and prepare for pregnancy, If egg becomes fertilized by sperm.
If fertilization and pregnancy dose not occur hormone estrogen and progesterone level falls and shedding of endometrium start during menses phase.
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